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From the BBC...
First introduced in colonial Virginia in the early 18th Century as a means of restricting the rights of anyone deemed to be more than 50% Native American, the term only became widespread after the Indian Reorganization Act of 1934. By then, it had become a mechanism for calculating the amount of federal benefits a tribe could expect to receive, based on its population.
Over time, different tribes have adopted different levels of blood quantum. Florida's Miccosukee Tribe is among a handful which require members to have 50% tribal blood - or the equivalent of one full blood parent. At the other end of the spectrum, some Cherokee and Apache tribes require just 6.25% blood quantum. The largest number of tribes, however, require 25% or 12.5%.
...[O]thers say it's time to do away with percentages and fractions altogether. One possible solution is for tribes to adopt some form of citizenship act, with requirements to know your language and culture and to visit home. For Jesse Taken Alive, councilman at large on the Standing Rock tribal government, it's important to stop thinking in terms of numbers. "What's important is to focus on a way of life," he says.
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